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Binance successfully challenges interim proprietary injunction over deposited cryptoassets

Published on 24 May 2023. By Dan Wyatt, Partner and Christopher Whitehouse, Of Counsel

In Piroozzadeh v Persons Unknown and Others [2023] EWHC 1024 (Ch), the cryptocurrency exchange Binance successfully applied to discharge an interim proprietary injunction obtained by a claimant whose misappropriated cryptoassets had been deposited at the exchange. This is the first recorded case of an exchange successfully having discharged such an injunction.

The FTX fallout so far and what may come next

Published on 16 Dec 2022. By Dan Wyatt, Partner

The collapse of FTX Trading Ltd. has been as dramatic as it has been fast. Until then, FTX had been the second-largest exchange in the world.

Three Crypto firsts for the English courts

Published on 22 Nov 2022. By Dan Wyatt, Partner and George Fahey , Senior Associate

The recent judgment handed down in Jones v Persons Unknown [2022] EWHC 2543 (Comm) contained three firsts in the English Court: the imposition of a constructive trust between a crypto exchange and a victim of crypto fraud, an order for delivery up of Bitcoin, and summary judgment served by NFT airdrop. It shows the English courts' continued willingness to push the boundaries of English law in relation to the recovery of misappropriated cryptoassets. The innovative application of English law procedures and remedies to the growing problem of crypto theft and fraud is of considerable assistance to the victims of this pernicious and widespread fraudulent activity.

You've been airdropped: English court approves service by NFT and finds it arguable that cryptocurrency-exchanges hold misappropriated assets as constructive trustees

Published on 03 Aug 2022. By Dan Wyatt, Partner and Christopher Whitehouse, Of Counsel and Becky Baker , Associate

In D’Aloia v (1) Persons Unknown (2) Binance Holdings Limited & Others [2022] EWHC 1723 (Ch), the English court approved service of proceedings by NFT and found that it was arguable that cryptocurrency exchanges owed constructive trustee duties to cyber-fraud victims.

First judgment obtained in proceedings brought by a cryptocurrency exchange in the English Courts

Published on 13 Jul 2022. By Christopher Whitehouse, Of Counsel and Jonathan Cary, Partner

In HDR v Shulev and Nexo [2022] EWHC 1685 (Comm), HDR (represented by RPC), which operates the cryptocurrency exchange BitMEX, initiated stakeholder proceedings under CPR Part 86 to resolve a dispute between two rival parties claiming control, and ownership of the contents, of a trading account.

Injunction granted over stolen NFTs held on constructive trust

Published on 10 Jun 2022. By Christopher Whitehouse, Of Counsel and Dan Wyatt, Partner and George Fahey , Senior Associate

In a highly anticipated judgment, the Commercial Court in Lavinia Deborah Osbourne v (1) Persons Unknown (2) Ozone Networks Inc held that "there is at least a realistically arguable case" that non-fungible tokens ('NFTs') are to be treated as property in English Law.

Is the crypto market at the end of its Tether?

Published on 18 May 2022. By Christopher Whitehouse, Of Counsel

The crashing out of Terra has unleashed fears of unsettled investors, rising disputes and fraud exposure.

High Court finds that a cryptocurrency exchange arrangement was not a trust

Published on 16 Feb 2022. By Dan Wyatt, Partner and Christopher Whitehouse, Of Counsel

The High Court decided that no trust could arise where two parties had agreed to an exchange of cryptocurrencies (in essence a sale and repurchase agreement), as the essential economic reciprocity precluded the existence of any trust.

Crypto-assets again confirmed as property by the English Commercial Court

Published on 26 Aug 2021. By Dan Wyatt, Partner and Christopher Whitehouse, Of Counsel and Becky Baker , Associate

In the Commercial Court's latest crypto-related judgment, Fetch.AI(1), a proprietary injunction and worldwide freezing order were granted against various categories of persons unknown who had misappropriated various crypto-assets from one of the claimant's Binance trading accounts. In doing so, the Court agreed with the key finding in the seminal case AA v Persons Unknown, Re Bitcoin [2019] EWHC 3556 (Comm) – that bitcoin is 'property' – albeit it did so on a different basis.

No interim injunction over bitcoin account where damages would be adequate

Published on 03 Sep 2020. By Dan Wyatt, Partner and Christopher Whitehouse, Of Counsel

The court has declined to continue interim injunctions granted in respect of a 'coin depot account' holding bitcoin over which the claimants asserted a proprietary right.

Bitcoin is 'property' and can therefore be subject of proprietary injunction

Published on 03 Feb 2020. By Christopher Whitehouse, Of Counsel

Following recent case law on the matter, the High Court has found that bitcoin can be 'property' and can therefore be the subject of a proprietary injunction.(1) In reaching its conclusion, the court adopted the detailed analysis of the issue set out in the UK Jurisdictional Task Force's November 2019 Legal Statement on Crypto-Assets and Smart Contracts, thereby providing a far more detailed judicial basis for the finding than found in previous cases. The bitcoins at the heart of this case were part of a ransom payment paid to a hacker who installed malware on a company's IT systems.

Regulation of cryptocurrency pre-ICO funding under English Law

Published on 15 May 2018.

Launching a cryptocurrency typically involves an initial fundraising process followed by a public sale process, by way of initial coin offering or token sale ("ICO").

Hong Kong regulator warns of cryptocurrency risks

Published on 09 Feb 2018. By Jonathan Cary, Partner

Crypto & Digital Assets Disputes

Our crypto and digital asset dispute lawyers have deep technical knowledge of the sector and the technology powering it alongside vast experience in navigating the commercial and legal complexities. Where fraud has occurred, we move fast to secure and recover stolen digital assets.

Financial Crime Time - Your update from RPC: 2025 Q2

Published on 30 Jul 2025. By Adam Craggs, Partner and Michelle Sloane, Partner

Welcome to the latest edition of our round-up of news making the headlines in the world of financial crime and compliance. Our aim is to give you an easily digestible, bite-sized overview of issues that are of interest and which may affect your business.

Lawyers Covered - July 2025

Published on 29 Jul 2025. By Will Sefton, Partner, Head of the Lawyers Liability and Regulatory Group and Carmel Green, Partner and Samantha Cresswell, Associate and Simon Love, Senior Associate and Harriet Keltie, Senior Associate

It can be tough for busy lawyers to find enough time to service clients, make it safely through the regulation obstacle course, win new work and keep up-to-date with developments, but we've got you covered! Welcome to our Lawyers Liability & Regulatory Update, in which we highlight the last month's key developments affecting lawyers and the professional risks they face.

Lawyers Covered - June 2025

Published on 30 Jun 2025. By Will Sefton, Partner, Head of the Lawyers Liability and Regulatory Group and Carmel Green, Partner and Sarah Herniman, Associate and Tom Butterfield, Associate and Victoria Lawman, Trainee Solicitor and Oliver Clarke, Trainee Solicitor

It can be tough for busy lawyers to find enough time to service clients, make it safely through the regulation obstacle course, win new work and keep up-to-date with developments, but we've got you covered! Welcome to our Lawyers Liability & Regulatory Update, in which we highlight the last month's key developments affecting lawyers and the professional risks they face.

Regulatory Radar - Summer 2025

Published on 30 Jun 2025. By Gavin Reese, Partner, Head of Regulatory

Welcome to the Summer 2025 edition of RPC's bi-annual Regulatory Radar – a guide to the key regulatory changes worth having on your radar.

Falling Fowl in personal injury claims: the Animals Act 1971, fundamental dishonesty, quantum and forum shopping

Published on 11 Jun 2025. By Gavin Reese, Partner, Head of Regulatory and Sally Lord, Knowledge Counsel – Insurance and Litigation

Whether you're dealing with claims under the Animals Act 1971, fundamental dishonesty, quantum disputes or what forum to choose, Boyd v Hughes [2025] deals with it all. Here we discuss the principles before the court in a claim that arose out of a personal injury claim after a fall from a horse and what it means for personal injury cases going forwards.

Lawyers Covered - May 2025

Published on 30 May 2025. By Will Sefton, Partner, Head of the Lawyers Liability and Regulatory Group and Carmel Green, Partner and Alexandra Anderson, Partner and Katharine Cusack, Partner and Cecilia Everett, Partner and Helen Kerr, Senior Associate and Karl Shortman, Associate and Laura Sponti, Associate

It can be tough for busy lawyers to find enough time to service clients, make it safely through the regulation obstacle course, win new work and keep up-to-date with developments, but we've got you covered! Welcome to our Lawyers Liability & Regulatory Update, in which we highlight the last month's key developments affecting lawyers and the professional risks they face.

CAT Collective Proceedings - Summer 2025 update

Published on 28 May 2025. By Chris Ross, Partner and David Cran, Partner, Head of Disputes and Zoe Mernick-Levene, Partner

Developments in the UK’s competition collective proceedings regime continue apace with new claims recently issued in the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT).

Regulatory Radar: quick takes May 2025

Published on 12 May 2025. By Gavin Reese, Partner, Head of Regulatory

Welcome to the latest edition of our bi-monthly Regulatory Radar: quick takes update, which collates the latest developments from across the UK’s regulators.

Lawyers Covered - April 2025

Published on 30 Apr 2025. By Will Sefton, Partner, Head of the Lawyers Liability and Regulatory Group and Carmel Green, Partner and Tom Butterfield, Associate and Kerone Thomas, Associate and Simon Love, Senior Associate and Shanice Holder, Associate and Tom Wild, Senior Associate

It can be tough for busy lawyers to find enough time to service clients, make it safely through the regulation obstacle course, win new work and keep up-to-date with developments, but we've got you covered! Welcome to our Lawyers Liability & Regulatory Update, in which we highlight the last month's key developments affecting lawyers and the professional risks they face.

Lawyers Covered: March 2025

Published on 01 Apr 2025. By Will Sefton, Partner, Head of the Lawyers Liability and Regulatory Group and Carmel Green, Partner and Tom Butterfield, Associate and Kerone Thomas, Associate and Simon Love, Senior Associate and Shanice Holder, Associate and Tom Wild, Senior Associate

It can be tough for busy lawyers to find enough time to service clients, make it safely through the regulation obstacle course, win new work and keep up-to-date with developments, but we've got you covered! Welcome to our Lawyers Liability & Regulatory Update, in which we highlight the last month's key developments affecting lawyers and the professional risks they face.

Financial Crime Time - Your update from RPC: 2025 Q1

Published on 25 Mar 2025. By Adam Craggs, Partner and Michelle Sloane, Partner

Welcome to the latest edition of our round-up of news making the headlines in the world of financial crime and compliance. Our aim is to give you an easily digestible, bite-sized overview of issues that are of interest and which may affect your business.

Regulatory Radar - quick takes - March 2025

Published on 13 Mar 2025. By Gavin Reese, Partner, Head of Regulatory

Welcome to the latest edition of our bi-monthly Regulatory Radar: quick takes update, which collates the latest developments from across the UK’s regulators.

6 April 2025 - date confirmed for UK consumer protection law regime overhaul

Published on 12 Mar 2025. By Ciara Cullen, Partner, Retail & Consumer Sector Lead and Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead and Hettie Homewood , Senior Associate

The Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (DMCCA) is set to substantially overhaul the UK's consumer protection law and enforcement regime. We now know the date that key consumer protection and enforcement changes will come into force: 6 April 2025.

Regulatory Radar - Winter 2025

Published on 10 Mar 2025. By Gavin Reese, Partner, Head of Regulatory

Welcome to the Winter 2025 edition of RPC's bi-annual Regulatory Radar – a guide to the key regulatory changes worth having on your radar.

Lawyers Covered - February 2025

Published on 26 Feb 2025. By Will Sefton, Partner, Head of the Lawyers Liability and Regulatory Group and Carmel Green, Partner and Tom Butterfield, Associate and Kerone Thomas, Associate and Simon Love, Senior Associate and Shanice Holder, Associate and Tom Wild, Senior Associate

It can be tough for busy lawyers to find enough time to service clients, make it safely through the regulation obstacle course, win new work and keep up-to-date with developments, but we've got you covered! Welcome to our February 2025 edition of our Lawyers Liability & Regulatory Update, in which we highlight the last month's key developments affecting lawyers and the professional risks they face.

Lawyers Covered - January 2025

Published on 30 Jan 2025. By Will Sefton, Partner, Head of the Lawyers Liability and Regulatory Group and Carmel Green, Partner and Tom Butterfield, Associate and Kerone Thomas, Associate and Simon Love, Senior Associate and Shanice Holder, Associate and Tom Wild, Senior Associate

It can be tough for busy lawyers to find enough time to service clients, make it safely through the regulation obstacle course, win new work and keep up-to-date with developments, but we've got you covered! Welcome to our January 2025 bumper edition of our Lawyers Liability & Regulatory Update, in which we highlight the last month's key developments affecting lawyers and the professional risks they face.

Acceptable levels of consumer harm – the FCA seek guidance in balancing risk with reward

Published on 30 Jan 2025. By Damien O'Malley, Associate

The chief executive of the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), Nikhil Rathi, has called for the UK government to define an 'acceptable level of consumer harm' in response to the government's demand for reduced regulations.

The FCA reveals its new strategy for supervision of wholesale brokers

Published on 30 Jan 2025. By Kristin Smith, Trainee Solicitor and Esme Watson, Senior Associate

On 24 January 2025, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) published a portfolio letter setting out their new strategy for supervising wholesale brokers.

Regulators support government growth objective and aim to reduce regulatory burden

Published on 27 Jan 2025. By Lucy Hadrill, Associate and Whitney Simpson, Of Counsel and Jonathan Charwat, Partner

Since the general election, the new Labour government has been signalling its intentions for financial services as a key driver of its economic growth agenda and, following the Autumn Budget, HM Treasury launched a call for evidence which outlined the government's plans for its Financial Services Growth & Competitiveness Strategy (Strategy).

FCA consults on new reporting obligations for (i) incidents and (ii) third party arrangements

Published on 16 Jan 2025. By Mark Crichard, Partner and Nigel Wilson, Of Counsel and Praveeta Thayalan, Senior Knowledge Lawyer

On 13 December 2024, the FCA published consultation paper CP24/28 (the CP) on proposals for firms to report on operational incidents and, separately, on material third party arrangements. The CP mirrors similar proposals put forward by the PRA and Bank of England on the same day and is designed to align with current international standards (e.g. the EU Regulation on digital operational resilience (DORA)).

An update to the FCA's "polluter pays" framework – accountability for harm caused to consumers.

Published on 16 Jan 2025. By Faheem Pervez, Senior Associate

The Financial Conduct Authority (the FCA) has issued updated guidance on its "polluter pays" framework. In an update published on 14 January 2025, the FCA provided further information on the framework, which could lead to firms compensating consumers when they provide poor advice, products or services.

Ombudsman decision – clarifying liability where there are delays in the pension administration process

Published on 13 Jan 2025. By Kerone Thomas, Associate

When delays occur in pension transfers, the implications for members can be significant—but how far does a provider’s responsibility extend? A recent determination by the Pensions Ombudsman in the case of Mr R offers important clarification. Whilst the Ombudsman recognised some administrative shortcomings, the decision reaffirmed that providers are not liable for all financial consequences arising from delays, particularly when those consequences result from a member’s own actions.

Lawyers Covered - December 2024

Published on 19 Dec 2024. By Will Sefton, Partner, Head of the Lawyers Liability and Regulatory Group and Carmel Green, Partner and Victoria Lawman, Trainee Solicitor and Richard Seymour, Associate and Robyn Crowter, Associate and Samantha Cresswell, Associate

What could be more festive than our December edition of Lawyers Covered – so here it is, a gift from the Lawyers Liability and Regulatory Group at RPC, to all of you, our lovely readers! And it’s a bumper edition with links to 3 full articles as well as our usual snippets. Happy holidays!

Privacy developments – looking back and looking forward

Published on 19 Dec 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead and Jon Bartley, Partner and Joe Lippitt, Partner and Praveeta Thayalan, Senior Knowledge Lawyer

In this article, we give you a high-level snapshot of the key data protection and privacy developments in the UK and EU in 2024 as well as developments we anticipate for 2025.

Financial Crime Time - Your update from RPC: 2024 Q4

Published on 17 Dec 2024. By Adam Craggs, Partner and Michelle Sloane, Partner

Welcome to the latest edition of our round-up of news making the headlines in the world of financial crime and compliance. Our aim is to give you an easily digestible, bite-sized overview of issues that are of interest and which may affect your business.

Lawyers Covered - November 2024

Published on 29 Nov 2024. By Will Sefton, Partner, Head of the Lawyers Liability and Regulatory Group and Carmel Green, Partner and Victoria Lawman, Trainee Solicitor and Richard Seymour, Associate and Robyn Crowter, Associate and Samantha Cresswell, Associate

It can be tough for busy lawyers to find enough time to service clients, make it safely through the regulation obstacle course, win new work and keep up-to-date with developments, but we've got you covered! Welcome to the November edition of our Lawyers Liability & Regulatory Update, in which we highlight the last month's key developments affecting lawyers and the professional risks they face.

FCA reveals crypto regulation roadmap as ownership continues to surge.

Published on 27 Nov 2024. By Rebekah Bayliss, Associate and Kristin Smith, Trainee Solicitor

With public ownership and awareness of crypto on the rise, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) announces its roadmap to making crypto a fully regulated asset class by 2026.

The future of financial crime under the new Labour government

27 Nov 2024

Join Lord Peter Hain, Labour peer and former government minister, and Sam Tate, Head of White Collar Crime and Compliance at RPC, as they discuss the practical implications of the future of financial crime prevention and enforcement under the new Labour government.

Digital operational resilience: the UK regulatory landscape

Published on 15 Nov 2024. By Richard Breavington, Partner

Operational Resilience in the supply chain has become an undeniable priority for all financial service providers across the continent.

City Minister supports imposition of FOS case fees for CMCs

Published on 11 Nov 2024. By David Allinson, Partner

In what may well be welcome news for the industry, the new City Minister has supported the FOS' proposals to charge case management companies (CMCs) a £250 fee for referring complaints to the Financial Ombudsman Service. The hope is that this prevent FOS being overwhelmed with 'poorly evidenced' complaints.

Regulatory Radar: quick takes - November 2024

Published on 11 Nov 2024. By Gavin Reese, Partner, Head of Regulatory

Welcome to the November 2024 of our bi-monthly Regulatory Radar: quick takes, which pulls together the latest developments from across the UK's regulators.

Failure to prevent fraud: key guidance released

Published on 08 Nov 2024. By Thomas Jenkins, Of Counsel

On 6 November 2024, the Home Office released its much-anticipated guidance on the new failure to prevent fraud offence and the procedures that organisations can implement to prevent associated persons from committing fraud offences. Running to 44 pages, this guidance is crucial as it provides a framework for large organisations to establish effective fraud prevention measures.

FCA provides guidance for Lifetime Mortgage Providers

Published on 06 Nov 2024.

The FCA has set out its key concerns and priorities for lifetime mortgage providers ("LMPs") in a Dear CEO letter. The concerns and priorities of the FCA highlighted in the letter will be of interest to those in the LMP market and their FI insurers.

Vehicle Finance claims drive forward with a key Court of Appeal Judgment – but what are the implications?

Published on 05 Nov 2024. By James Wickes, Partner and David Allinson, Partner and Damon Brash, Senior Associate and Rachael Healey, Partner

A Court of Appeal judgment exploring the payment of commissions in the vehicle finance industry has been handed down by the Court of Appeal, finding in favour of the claimants and ordering repayment of the commission plus interest to the claimants. This decision comes amid the backdrop of the hotly discussed FCA investigation into vehicle finance complaints involving discretionary commission arrangements ("DCA") and a number of complaints sat at FOS and before the County Courts. We explore the key takeaways from the judgment.

The EU Compliance headache you don't know you have? A priority primer on the European Accessibility Act

Published on 31 Oct 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead and Hettie Homewood , Senior Associate

It is now less than a year until the EU Accessibility Act (EAA) comes into force, which will require businesses to ensure a range of products (eg smartphones and computers) and services (eg e-commerce services, consumer banking services, and ebooks) are accessible for persons with disabilities.

Lawyers Covered - October 2024

Published on 28 Oct 2024. By Will Sefton, Partner, Head of the Lawyers Liability and Regulatory Group and Carmel Green, Partner and Caroline Shiffner, Senior Associate and Victoria Lawman, Trainee Solicitor and Helen Kerr, Senior Associate

It can be tough for busy lawyers to find enough time to service clients, make it safely through the regulation obstacle course, win new work and keep up-to-date with developments, but we've got you covered! Welcome to the October edition of our Lawyers Liability & Regulatory Update, in which we highlight the last month's key developments affecting lawyers and the professional risks they face.